Congo  
subSaharaAFRICAGrands Lacs
supplemental aggregate archive
contents
2.12.01   6th MONUC report
2.15.00 UN amb. Holbrooke Africa Subcomm
Rwanda's Kagame & Tutsi in Congo
10.21.98 "Congo; Good To Be A Traitor"
Charles Onyango-Obbo The Monitor
Recall that Mobutu became a "dictator" in the press only when his overthrow was imminent; for 30 years, while he brutally raped the Congo, he was Mr. President, our anti-communist ally. The New York Times always referred to the "Pinochet government" succeeding the "Marxist Allende regime, " even though Allende was elected and Pinochet took power in a coup.
footnote 6
KINSHASA   Attackers with guns & machetes shot & slashed to death 6 Red Cross workers on a remote road in eastern Congo, leaving their bodies to be discovered in their burned vehicles, aid workers said Friday. Victims were Swiss nurse, Colombian relief worker and 4 Congolese, some shot, others both shot & cut with machetes, said Boni Mbaka, UN official who saw some of bodies. "No survivors, it's difficult to say what happened." Red Cross immediately suspended operations in eastern Congo. Aid workers were attacked while taking medicine to health center in rebel & Ugandan-held northeast Congo, traveling without armed escort in two Red Cross-marked vehicles. Colleagues became worried when they lost radio contact with the team, and alerted authorities, said Antoine Atawamba, Red Cross spokesman in Kinshasa. Ugandan military patrol found the bodies and the vehicles about 40 miles north of the border town of Bunia. The 2 vehicles were set on fire, Red Cross officials said. That they were left behind was unusual, distinguishing the attack from robberies by bandits or typical attacks by Congolese Mayi-Mayi warriors and Rwandan Hutu Interahamwe militiamen. "We're not blaming anyone, because we don't know who to blame," said Paul Castella, head of the Red Cross delegation in Kinshasa. 4 four Congolese were nurse, staff member in charge of reuniting families separated by fighting & 2 drivers. The ambush Thursday marked the deadliest single attack on the Intl Committee of the Red Cross since 1996, when 6 nurses slain in their sleep at hospital in Chechnya. 3 Red Cross workers were killed in Burundi the same year.
The killings took place in Ituri Province, which is under the control of Uganda and a Uganda backed rebel group led by Jean-Pierre Bemba. Bemba called the killings "inexcusable assassination" and said an inquiry by his movement was under way. Earlier this month, Bemba agreed to pull his forces back from 2 front-line positions after UN promised to establish relief operations in the areas. Bemba has been claiming credit for the work of intl organizations operating in his territory, where public services are scarcely running. Humanitarian groups operating in the area frequently are accused of bias by one side or the other. Herdsmen & farmers in Ituri Province have fought for control of rich grasslands, but the violence had subsided in recent months after peace talks. "We didn't consider that a particularly dangerous area," Castella said. International relief officials met late Friday in border town Goma to decide whether to cease operations entirely in the region, where more than a million people, mostly civilians, have died in fighting, disease and hunger related to the conflict. UN now deploying 3,000 armed troops to patrol buffer zones between the govt & opposing sides, including its estimated 2 million displaced.
"Most paramilitary ops were unalloyed failures, except perhaps Congo"
McGeorge Bundy
CIA now releasing hundreds of files for period up to 1951. Many national intel estimates (NIEs) are available for mid1950s. Process begun in 1993 via CIA's Historical Review Group which has essentially completed declassification of political & economic NIEs on the USSR through 1984. 11 Cold War covert actions to be released incl Congo in 1960s.
Studies in Intelligence CIA 1995 p17-26
NSC directive 5412 3.15.54 was all-inclusive, secret, costly & worldwide. "To counter any threat of a party or individual directly or indirectly responsive" to communism in a free-world country. Elections in Italy, W.Germany, France. "To develop underground resistance … & guerrilla ops" VietNam, Laos, Congo, Iran, Guatemala, Cuba
The Declassified Eisenhower B. Cook 1981 p183
42 Cubans who were part of Bay of Pigs invasion brigade participated in 1964 CIA op to protect Congolese president against communist incursion from Tanzania.
The Nation 4.19.86 p554
CIA Cuban exile pilots fles B-26 bombers in support of Mobutu.
The CIA File R.L. Borosage & J. Marks (ed.) 1976
The CIA A Forgotten History W. Blum 1986 p178
The CIA & the Cult of Intelligence V. Marchetti & J.D. Marks 1974
In 1965 U.S. & Belgium used mercenaries throughout Coungo. In late 1964 U.S. began open & covert support. Cubans arrived first, impelling Castro to send Guevara, et al. CIA responded with more Cubans
Endless Enemies J. Kwitny 1984 p84
1960 to 1965 Cuban mercenaries with CIA air force spearheaded ops against insurgents; CIA air unit an absolutely vital resource. American Special Forces also provided support at one point. CIA air force of 10 C-47s, 9 B-26 bombers. Planes repaired by Western Intl Ground Maintenance Org (WIGMO), which employed up to 100 mechanics & a dozen Cuban pilots
President's Secret Wars J. Prados 1986 p237
The Road to Kalamata A Congo Mercenary's Personal Memoir   Mike Cononel Hoare
Lexington Books; ASIN: 0669207160, reprinted 1978 Robt. Hale, 318 pages with pictures, illust. & seven maps 40% of the budget remains dedicated to defense, 22% of gross domestic product (GDP). The economy was in disarray and, despite abundant natural resources, output per capita is extremely low. Angola produces more than 750,000 barrels of oil per day, a total that is expected to rise to over 1 million by the end of 2002. Due to its control of oil revenues, the parastatal oil company Sonangol plays a dominant role in both the economy and government. The country produced an estimated $600 million worth of diamonds in the areas controlled by the Govt. There also are lucrative untapped mineral, agricultural, and hydroelectric resources in the country; however, corruption and mismanagement are pervasive in the public sector and widespread in the private sector. The Government has begun to liberalize its import regimes and reform its regulatory agencies to better allow the importation of goods and services on which the economy depends. Annual per capita GDP was approximately $450. The country's wealth continued to be concentrated in the hands of a small elite who often used government positions for massive personal enrichment, and corruption continued to be a common practice at all levels. The average monthly salary of urban wage earners (approximately 20 percent of the labor force) was far below what is required for basic subsistence, and rural wages are even lower because the majority of the rural economy is dependent on subsistence agriculture and is highly vulnerable to political unrest.

NGO: Search for Common Ground
UNITA
9/15/00 UN Conflict Diamonds Rpt: Angola - Following UNITA's rejection of UN monitored 1992 election, SecurityCouncil, under Chapter VII of UN Charter, adopted resolution 864 9/15/93, imposing arms embargo along with petroleum sanctions against UNITA, establishing Sanctions Committee of all Council members monitor and report implementation of mandatory measures. Following signing 1994 Lusaka Protocol UNITA refused to comply with its terms. In response to UNITA's refusal to disarm and implement Lusaka, SecurityCouncil adopted resolution 1127 8/28/97, which imposed mandatory travel sanctions on senior UNITA officials and their immediate family members. Year later, SecurityCouncil adopted resolution 1173 6/12/98 & resolution 1176 6/24/98, prohibiting direct or indirect import from Angola to their territory of all diamonds not controlled through the Certificate of Origin issued by Angola govt & imposing financial sanctions on UNITA.
Resolution 1237 5/7/99 SecurityCouncil established independent Panel of Experts to investigate violations of Security Council sanctions against UNITA. Per Panel's report (document S/2000/203), the Security Council adopted resolution 1295 4/18/00 "Monitoring Mechanism" established to collect and investigate sanctions violations. SecurityCouncil will determine this year whether sanctions violated and what to do in response.

Fowler Report 3/10/00
7/21/00 "resolution passed by the World Diamond Congress in Antwerp two days ago was remarkable, Robert Fowler, Canada's Permanent Representative to the United Nations told correspondents at a Headquarters press conference this afternoon. … "
Diamond industry to clean up act 7/26/00 Angola Peace Monitor no.11, Vol. VI "Two key figures central to efforts to crack down on UNITA's diamond smuggling, Britain's Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Peter Hain, and Canada's Ambassador to the United Nations, Robert Fowler, spoke at the conference. "
UN Sanctions Chair Works on Embargo Angola Peace Monitor Issue no. 11, Vol. 5 7/28/99 "The chair of the UN Sanctions Committee on Angola, Ambassador Robert Fowler, has spent July travelling in an effort to tighten sanctions imposed upon UNITA for its failure to abide by the Lusaka peace agreement."

Canada currently chairs the Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee responsible for implementing Council-imposed sanctions against the Angolan rebel movement, UNITA. Purpose of sanctions is to diminish UNITA's capacity to pursue objectives through military means by targeting illicit diamonds and other sources of financial support for UNITA's war effort, by reducing UNITA's weapons procurement and access to petroleum supplies, and by limiting the ability of UNITA leaders to travel or be represented abroad.

French arms scandal

YAOUNDE   Since January, international scientists have been fighting the threat from Cameroon's killer lakes where sprays of toxic gases have already killed more than 1,800 people in surrounding villages in recent years. But the project risking running into funding problems by Thursday, and Cameroon's minister for scientific research, Henri Hogbe Nlend, appealed for international aid to forestall another deadly eruption. Gas from Lake Monoun in West Province killed 37 people in 1984. Two years later, 1,800 were killed by toxic emissions from Lake Nyos, some 50 miles north of Bamenda in Northwest Province.
Scientists agree that the best way to prevent future disasters is to continuously draw gas from the lakes. Work on a system of pipes to do that was started on Nyos in January. "The degassing process is well on course," Hogbe Nlend told Reuters in an interview. However, he said, because of insufficient funds, only one pipe had been installed rather than the five planned. The project, known as the "Nyos Organ," was expected to cost some $2.8 million. Gas was currently accumulating at 1 million cubic feet per day and only 353,000 cubic feet were being removed, he said. On the less dangerous lake Monoun, Hogbe Nlend said, three pipes would be installed next year. Until then, an alarm system had been set up near the lake to alert villagers to any serious gas release.

"The problem for us now is to mobilize sufficient funds to keep the safety systems in both lakes working...It is expensive and our government does not have the funds to maintain it. That is why we count on assistance from our friends worldwide," he said. U.S. had already given about $500,000, which had been vital for the project, and it would be difficult to ask it to contribute more, he added. The govt has warned villagers living near the lakes to keep their distance. "The lakes are calm but remain potentially very dangerous," said Hogbe Nlend, who had returned from a visit to both lakes. The carbon dioxide gas normally stays in the depths of the lakes but can break out if the colder upper layer of the water, which acts as a lid, is disturbed, by an earth tremor, for example. Hogbe Nlend said many villagers were going too close to the lakes to farm and there was a risk that some might eventually begin to rebuild permanent homes near the shore.
Apart from Lake Kivu on the border between the DRCongo & Rwanda, the 2 Cameroonian lakes are the only ones known to gather carbon dioxide in the lower strata of their basins.

African NewsWire re Cape Verde
Embassy to U.S. & Canada Visafric Eritrean headlines & news sources
Asmarino online Eritrean community
Eritrea: CNN & BBC< br>

CBC MEETING WITH THE PRIME MINISTER OF ETHIOPIA CONTACT: 202-474- 4574
4-5pm EF 100 Capitol Meet H.E Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister Ethiopia

ERITREA - ETHIOPIA: UN to deploy forces to border in October NY U.N. ANN 9/12/00 Deploy troops to the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea in October. Kofi Annan, the secretary general of the United Nations disclosed this on Monday.

9/8/00 Ethiopia, Eritrea Want Accord APWeb NEW YORK
  The United States is backing a 4,200-strong U.N. peacekeeping mission to monitor the cease-fire but has said the troops could not be a substitute for a comprehensive peace agreement. Albright, Zenawi and Afwerki were in New York attending the U.N. Millennium Summit. Both Zenawi and Afwerki thank the United Nations for its help in ending their two-year border war.
Ethiopia was also supposed to address the Millennium Summit but skipped the speech. No official explanation was given, but an official at Ethiopia's mission said Zenawi had ''other engagements.''

Zenawi, however, did meet with Secretary-General Kofi Annan on Friday and told him Ethiopia wanted a peacekeeping force to be quickly deployed along the contested border. Afwerki made a similar request in his separate meeting with Annan. Statements issued by Annan's spokesman after the meetings said both leaders reported that the cease-fire signed in June was holding and both called for a swift deployment of peacekeepers.
The United Nations plans to dispatch 23 military observers each to the capitals of both countries next week in line with a Security Council resolution authorizing the deployment of up to 100 military observers, according to the statements.
In a speech to the General Assembly Friday, Afwerki expressed gratitude for the United Nations and all those organizations and states which helped end the war with Ethiopia, which killed tens of thousands on both sides. "It is gratifying to note that because of the efforts exerted ... the conflict has halted,'' Afwerki told the summit.

The corporate council on Africa is facilitating a forum in Washington DC for the Tribalism dictator Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia. Meles is among the most brutal and hated political leader Ethiopia ever had. Read below to determine for your self some of Meles's records. Dictators deserve isolation not cuddling. Wining and dining with human rights abusers is not at all in the long term interest of Africa and any far thinking corporate leader.

Unless the United States helps African and Asian countries, their suffering could result in waves of contagious diseases, terrorism and organized crime serious enough to threaten Americas national security, Premier Meles has said. In his speech at Harvard University Meles emphasized the effectiveness of US assistance by pointing out as evidence the transformation of Taiwan and South Korea after World War II.

Today, a demonstration was held again in front of the TPLF ambassador's residence on Wyoming Street in Washington DC. The demonstration started at 12 noon. Meles Zenawi returned to the residence around 3 PM and the foreign minister, Seyoum Mesfin, came at 6:45 PM. We greeted both with these chants: Murderer! Fascist! Dictator! We also voiced these messages: Free Dr Taye! Free Fitawrari Mekonnen! Free All Political Prisoners in Ethiopia! We Demand Respect for Human Rights in Ethiopia! We Reject Your Ethnic Apartheid Politics!
The TPLF-run Selam Radio in Washington DC today announced an invitation by Meles Zenawi to all opposition organizations based in Washington DC for a discussion. The invitation asked each organization to send two representatives to the new embassy on September 15, Friday, for the meeting. If Meles Zenawi is sincere, why not talk to the opposition parties inside the country who have been calling on his regime for discussion and national reconciliation.
AAPO All Amhara People Organization
soc.culture.guinea-conakry 9/28/00 "Rounded Up in Camps & Roasted Ghanaians in Libya Massacred"   R.Archer Accra Ghanaian Chronicle   Govt official sources are refusing to give exact figures but Chronicle has learnt scores of Ghanaians have been roasted and others beaten to death by marauding bands of Libyans in Tripoli, ironically a country whose leader is perceived as a friend of Ghana and closest ally of President Rawlings. No clear reason has been fathomed but there has been consistent reports that an increasing crime wave in the country has caused Libyans to look at black Africans in general and Ghanaians in particular as criminal elements because on some occasions, Ghanaian passports have been found at crime scenes.

colonial view of future

map Chocolate … comes from a world of misery. Beatings, slavery and terror … contribute to the production of chocolate, activists say. More than 90% of cocoa from Ivory Coast, world's biggest producer of cocoa, procured with the help of child labor, according to Slavery documentary broadcast on Britain's Channel 4 last year. Today, senior delegation from W. African nation arrived in London to address the allegations. The Ivorians say the use of child labor is linked to the low price of cocoa, and their prime minister said cocoa would have to rise almost 10 times in price for the slavery problem to disappear.

The Low-Price Connection
Cocoa prices are at 10 year low, caused by deregulation of market & overproduction. That has led to slavery. Traditionally, Ivory Coast farmers used young men & boys from Mali as laborers, contracting them for farming season and paying them after the crop is sold. But other farmers, unable to turn a profit in recent years, have refused to pay their laborers, and instead kept them working without pay through beatings, intimidation and threats of magical spells, say activists like UK's Fairtrade Foundation. Other young men have been lured to the plantations with false promises of well-paid work, only to wind up being bought & sold in open markets, according to Slavery. Ivory Coast's PM Pascal Affi N'Guessan blamed multinationals for child trafficking in Africa. He says they encouraged more & more developing countries to grow cocoa, forcing down the price.
But chocolate trade groups, like London-based Biscuit, Cake, Chocolate & Confectionary Alliance, as well as the Ivorian govt, say reports of slavery in the cocoa trade are exaggerated & not representative of conditions on most plantations. The Ivorians also say they have signed an accord with Mali to tackle the issue. Nevertheless, Ivorian Ag. Minister Alphonse Douati told Reuters today low prices could not be used as an excuse for the mistreatment of children in plantations. "In my opinion, if the price was better, all producers would be encouraged to use legal work methods. Those who do use children are often immigrants who were themselves laborers in plantations," he said.

From the Flesh of Babes
The issue of child slavery in Africa was thrust into the spotlight last month when reports emerged of a ship traveling along the West African coast carrying up to 250 children bound for slavery. Although the ship was eventually found to be carrying only about a dozen suspected child slaves, the incident revived fears of a thriving modern slave trade. Those fears first came to light last Sept. with broadcast of Slavery about 18 young men & boys enslaved on Ivory Coast cocoa plantation. The filmmakers said they got their story when one of the boys managed to escape and notified a countryman. When the filmmakers asked the former slave, known as Victor, if he had ever tasted chocolate, he said "no." They then asked him what he would say to the millions of Britons who ate chocolate daily. He answered: "If I had to say something to them it would not be nice words. They buy something I suffer to make. They are eating my flesh.

photo by author Yamoussoukro   Nearly 300km into Ivory Coast's interior lies a lost city, known only to the natives & privileged few. Built by a mighty ruler as a monument to his own power & glory, the city of Yamoussoukro still amazes travellers in this antique land. There stand vast deserted public buildings, empty highways, echoing temples and vacant hostelries, gleaming by night among the encroaching bush. The few thousand people who live there squat like intruders among the relics of somebody else's civilisation. Many are foreigners, cattle and goat herders from Mali and Burkina Faso, who drive their beasts to market down ancient trade routes from the north. Their makeshift corrals stand near a man-made lake that still swarms with sacred crocodiles. Yamoussoukro is a strange, almost eerie place, not least because it is still the official capital of the Ivory Coast, and most of it was built in the past 20 years.
40 years ago this was Ngokro, a tiny village of 500 souls, but it happened to be the birthplace of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the man who led the Ivory Coast to independence from France in 1960 and ruled it, mostly as a one-party state, until his death in 1993. Houphouët-Boigny, once ensconced as president in the then capital, Abidjan, renamed his home village after his mother, Nana Yamoussou, and began stealthily transforming it into a monument to himself and his ancestors. First, he criss-crossed the empty bush with a grid of well-paved roads lined with more than 10,000 street lights. Then he built elite colleges, party headquarters, presidential and parliamentary palaces and, among other luxuries, a 14-storey, five-star hotel. The dirt airstrip was refashioned to accommodate long-haul jets, and an artificial lake was stocked with crocodiles, held sacred by the late president's Baoulé tribe. Finally, in 1983, he persuaded the National Assembly in Abidjan to shift the seat of power to Yamoussoukro.

Yamoussoukro has never supplanted Abidjan as the real heart of Ivoirien political and economic life. Guide books reckon fewer than 100,000 people live in the sprawling town, most dependent on government subsidies. Now that power has finally passed from Houphouët-Boigny's Baoulé tribe, the subsidies, and the city's long-term survival, are no longer guaranteed. Before it was partly cleared for cultivation, this was the heart of the west African coastal forest. On the edge of town the thick bush is already leaning over the motorways.
How much it cost remains obscure. The late president claimed to have financed the entire project from his own wealth. Though he was a successful planter of cocoa. the Ivory Coast's main crop, cynics say the basilica still represents a whole heap of chocolate bars. In the event, the project provoked division, not unity. Angered by the extravagance at a time of falling cocoa & coffee prices, many Ivoiriens began pushing for an end to Houphouët-Boigny's one-party rule. While he was able to win subsequent rigged elections in 1990, an increasingly fractious opposition bedevilled him until his death seven years ago. His weak successor, Henri Konan Bédié, had to ban rival candidate Alassane Ouattara and others from running to win in 1995. Ouattara was disbarred because, like many northerners, he has family ties across the border and had used a Burkina Faso passport while working for the United Nations.
He was again banned from presidential polls won three weeks ago by minority candidate Laurent Gbagbo, after a short-lived military dictator, General Robert Gueï, tried and failed to rig the poll in his own favour. An estimated 171 Ivoiriens were killed in post-election clashes in normally peaceful Abidjan, first between soldiers and mass protesters, then between rival supporters of Ouattara and Gbagbo. With ethnic and religious tensions now running high, the peace that Houphouët-Boigny prided himself on seems seriously threatened for the first time in the young nation's history.

On a low hill to the north of the town, at an estimated cost of $US150 million ($284 million), the founding father built what is still claimed to be the tallest Catholic basilica in the world. Modelled on St Peter's in Rome, the domed Basilica of Our Lady of Peace looms 158 metres over the adjacent coconut groves. According to guide books, it took 1,500 workers three years to build. The dome is 100 metres in diameter and weighs nearly 100,000 tonnes. With the giant portico and colonnade, the central basilica swallowed a year's production of French white concrete. The pews, which seat 7,000, are individually air-conditioned. They are made from kotibe, a local hardwood that was sent to Italy to be shaped. The altar stands under a giant gilt canopy whose columns conceal 14 massive loudspeakers. Over it hangs a two-metre-tall cross made from 50 kilograms of gold. Surrounding the basilica are 36 stained glass windows more than 30 metres high, a greater area of glass than in France's Chartres Cathedral.
In the tradition of the medieval cathedral builders, the makers of Our Lady of Peace immortalised themselves in a stained glass window, with the Lebanese architect Pierre Fakhoury, European building contractors and others portrayed as apostles bearing Christ through a garden. Houphouët-Boigny has, of course, the place of honour. When it was completed in 1990, the Pope flew in for the consecration. He travelled more than a kilometre to the basilica from the main gate, along a piazza paved in marble from Portugal, Italy and Spain. Few tourists pass this way now. Mass is said once a week. Most local people go to the cathedral in town.

Smith Hempstone, Bush ambassador to Kenya & former journalist, "was very good with the press. We could call him at home, any time. He was great with a quote. One of the Kenyan ministers accused Hempstone of meddling in Kenya's affairs and overstepping the lines of an ambassador. Hempstone was called by a reporter at night and asked for a reaction to this. And Hempstone says, 'Well, you tell the minister that if he doesn't stop telling lies about me, I'm going to start telling the truth about him.' " Those who live in what used to be "the city of many lights" but which has lately turned into the city of many thieves - also called Nairobi - know of two tribes of Kenyans. One tribe is called chokora, if you want to call them by a bad name. This is the tribe that once went to a place where the Son of the Soil - or yours sincerely - has never been. Some two years ago, members of the tribe were invited to the biggest house in the land, also called State House, and had lunch with the main man there. I hear that as they had lunch with the man who was born and brought up in Sacho. They wondered why he had not kept cows and goats in State House yet the place is so big and green it could become a cattle ranch.
I don't know in which language the main man spoke to the fellows who sniff glue for breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper and escort it with a slice of bread imported from a dustbin. I guess he took some lessons in Sheng before he invited them to lunch. Thus he could have told them, "Ma-beste, hii bash ni yenu. Kuna kuku porno na nyama choms na pia machipo. Mangeni kama world inadedi." (In other words, "My friends, there is plenty of grilled chicken, roast meat and chips. Eat as if it is the end of the world.") The other tribe consists of members of the female species and these days they are called commercial sex workers. This tribe charges a fee to smile at you and say they love you like roast chicken. I have seen them at night on a road called Koinange Street in the city of many thieves. They wear skirts the size of shrunk foolscaps and have the habit of shouting, "Darling!" to any creature in trousers, especially if the creature is driving anything resembling a car. Their normal greetings to a complete stranger are delivered at the speed of lightning. It goes something like, "Hi-I'm- Ivy. I-love-you-darling. And-I-drink-Tusker-baridi".

When I was growing up in the Slopes of Mount Kenya where I was born, this tribe had very few members from the Slopes and they operated only in the city. They were known by name and had certain peculiar habits other skirt- wearers never did. One of them was to eat the African sausage, which was supposed to be for men only. The African sausage is something made from the intestines of a cow or a goat and is filled with blood and some meat then roasted. When I was growing up in the Slopes of Mount Kenya, it was called Mu-ten or the ten-cent piece. It was called so because a piece cost ten cents. The ten-cent piece was the size of the width of the blade of the butcher's knife. When a real man ate a piece or two of Mu-ten, he escorted it with a mug of soup in a cup called Mu-South, a sizeable tin cup. It was called so because it was imported from South Africa. It was so sizeable that when you drank from it, it covered most of the face.
One of the members of this second tribe who operated a Mu-ten joint then was called Wanjiru Ki-Nylon. I have whispered something about her before and if you have forgotten, she was called Ki-Nylon because when finally retired from her profession, she was the owner of only one dress made of nylon material. Nylon was also called wash-and-wear because it needed only a few minutes to dry. Wanjiru used to wash her only nylon dress at night and wear it in the morning. Her trademark thus was that dress that had red dots. When she retired and came back to the village, she was "kept", as they said, by a man from Kavirondo. In the language of the Slopes, to be "kept" meant a woman living with a man to whom she was not married, or rather, whose clan had not delivered goats and beehives full of bees to the elders of her clan.
A person from Kavirondo was anyone who came from anywhere near Lake Victoria. This particular Kavirondo was a man who had been trained at the Kiganjo Police College in the science of arresting criminals. He had been posted to the Slopes. It was in those days when the men who were trained in Kiganjo could shoot so straight that when they pursued a most wanted criminal, they just crippled their kneecaps. In those days, the most wanted criminals were not armed like a whole army. All they owned was a homemade club when they went about the business of reaping where they had not sowed. In those days, the word chokora was not known. Children were supposed to know their fathers and their fathers knew them. A man was not allowed to sow wild seeds all over and flee. Even Wanjiru Ki-Nylon could not allow herself to get a child with a father who would be absent as soon as the mother's belly started getting big.

Lately, the members of the two tribes have become so many that I won't be surprised at the chokora supporting their own candidate as a councillor come the next election. They could go ahead and ensure he actually becomes the mayor of the city of many thieves. I also won't be surprised if the women who wear shrunk foolscaps decide to support their candidate for the mayorship. That will indeed happen one day and so we shall have a mayor who retires to his chamber to sniff glue after deliberations on what to do with garbage in the city. That should not shock anyone in this country where maize roasters are translated into councillors who then become "his worship the mayor". It should not shock anyone in this country where former and very junior men in blue have ended up in the honourable house and then become whole ministers with flags on their cars. It will not shock me to have a glue- sniffing character for a mayor since I have a feeling that some Members of Parliament sniff and smoke illegal things of senior proportions.
That is the only way I can explain why they take warrior tactics to Parliament and are given to saying some things that are not very honourable in that honourable house. I did not mean to talk about the chokora and the commercial sex worker becoming mayors. I mean to ask what happens when the small chokora grows beards. I also mean to ask what happens when the commercial sex worker gets old and her voice is hoarse from telling total strangers, "Hi-I am-Ivy-I love you darling-and-I-drink-Tusker-baridi" much too often. I guess you will tell me that the chokora don't die when they reach the age of getting beards. A fellow who has fed on half-baked sweet potato peels, meat of unknown animals that even the vultures have refused to eat and chips mixed with water from the mopping pail all his life - and survived - cannot die just because he has become of age when a man gets a beard.

When a chokora reaches that age, he does not become a priest or go into farming since he was born and brought up on the cold cement floors in the city and has no idea whether maize is born or harvested. Those who know will, of course, say that when the chokora grows a beard, he now has the licence to do all what he has wished to do all his life. If the man who lives in State House and who had invited the chokora for lunch one day is reading, let me tell him to take a walk in the night and without escort in the city and he will learn what senior chokora have wished to do all their lives. Let him take the walk at nine. Let him look as if he has just come from selling a big herd of goats at Mogotio market and got senior money. Suddenly, someone jumps onto his back like a lion onto a buffalo. A pair of hands go for his throat and immediately cut off air supply to his voice box.In the meantime, other hands are working on his shoes and others through his pockets at lightning speed. In a minute, the man who was born and brought up in Sacho is on the floor, almost knocking on the door of heaven. Or hell. He revives after three minutes with his throat feeling as if it has swallowed a stone. For the next one week, he is not able to talk. He also realises that quite a number of people walk without trousers at night and it is not out of their will. He concludes this because, on reviving, he discovers he does not have trousers - the senior chokora has taken them.
The man who occupies the main seat in the country also finds out why many people in Nairobi speak in whispers as if they are suffering from a cold. He will discover that they speak so after an encounter with a senior chokora trying to practice what he has wished to do all his life. The boss of this country might then declare the chokora a national disaster and start a fund to buy a farm for them somewhere where they can be taught that maize is harvested and not born. I would also be glad if the man who was born and brought up in Sacho could find out why people drive with the windows of their cars closed even when the heat inside makes it feel like an oven. There is only one way he could find out: by driving an ordinary car alone in the city. Let him put on a smile and he will discover how those kinds of smiles are wiped from people's faces in an instant. He comes face to face with something in the hand of a chokora who is aspiring for greater things in life, like improving his tactics in the art of ngeta. The thing in the hand of the chokora is what has gone through the digestive system of another person. It has many names but for now, let us call it "the product of the digestive system". The chokora is holding it like a rugby ball and his hand is held high in a manner likely to suggest that he does not need any persuasion to land it on the smiling face of the driver. The other hand is outstretched and the driver is supposed to get the obvious idea that the young fellow is saying, "Your money or I colour you face with the products of the digestive system." The young fellow might make another hint and say, "Mdosi chota ama nifyatue."
It is obviously not good manners to drive in town with the products of the digestive system of a person you don't even know all over your face, so when that happens to the man born and brought up in Sacho, he wakes up one day and decides that those boys (or men) need far more than one lunch at State House once every five years. For now, I think he imagines they retire to become bishops and the commercial sex workers nuns. If the man who was born and brought up in Sacho thinks otherwise, let him tell me through wis@mitsuminet.com .

Liberia tries to forget homemade film
6.14.01   Tim Sullivan AP

MONROVIA, Liberia  The production quality is terrible - a tangle of distorted voices, jerky angles, blurry images. But every once in a while a few words punch through the garble, and the video's sickening reality becomes clear. "I will talk,'' pleads panic-stricken Liberian President Samuel K. Doe, half- naked and tied up on the floor of a nondescript office. "I will tell you something ... Please, please let me go. I beg you.'' His captor, a militia leader named Prince Johnson, stares back drunkenly from behind a large desk, guarded by a dozen soldiers. The militia leader turns away from the just-ousted president, a barely literate man whose repressive regime savaged this West African country through the 1980s. A framed painting of Jesus watches over the scene. Johnson looks bored. He waves his hand: "I say cut off one ear.''
For years, this was the most-watched movie in this war-shattered nation - a Camcorded chronicle of bloodshed. Filmed in September 1990 by a friend of Johnson's, it is a horrific record of Doe's last hours, ending with an excruciatingly long close-up of his mutilated corpse. Now, with Liberian trying put the war behind it, the video has become an uncomfortable memory. The tape has been pulled from stores, thrown away, purposefully forgotten. The government banned its sale. Many Liberians, desperate for reconciliation, won't even discuss it. "I hate that movie,'' said Kekura Kamara, a struggling filmmaker who was, before the

The Liberian horror film we didn't miss
4.23.00  Tom Kamara Smyrna, Georgia

… British Channel 4 television team, currently in detention for alleged spying …

Catholic Justice & Peace Commission ¹ ²

Rights Advocate Fears for His Life
3.31.01  IRIN

The director of a prominent rights advocacy group in Liberia, James Verdier, says he has received threats from "prominent individuals", the Panafrican News Agency (PANA) reported on Thursday. Verdier, who heads the Justice and Peace Commission (JPC), fears that he will be attacked, flogged and detained, PANA reported. His car has already been attacked once, the agency said. It also said the JPC's previous director, Samuel Woods, had left Liberia after receiving similar threats. The threats stem from the fact that the JPC's latest country report on Liberia was critical of the government's human rights record, Verdier told PANA. Amnesty International recently reported that repression had escalated since July 2000 when insurgents attacked the northern county of Lofa, and following a December 2000 UN report on Liberian military support to rebels in Sierra Leone.

war, Liberia's biggest TV star. "I don't want to hear about war, I don't want to see it.'' Many people already have seen it.

Through much of the 1990s, while Liberia was being devastated by one of the most vicious civil wars in West African history - a seven-year nightmare that killed 150,000 people and destroyed nearly every city and town - the video was a hit. In a country increasingly callous to violence, the movie celebrated a dictator's downfall with a surreal blend of documentary and horror. Liberians crowded into Monrovia's tiny, generator-powered theaters to watch it. Johnson distributed hundreds of copies. The movie circulated quickly throughout West Africa. "People would come in and ask for it all the time,'' said Tony Hane, who works in a Monrovia video shop. "That movie gave a very bad name to the country.''
But things have changed in Liberia. The civil war ended five years ago with one final spasm as feuding warlords fought for supremacy. In 1997, the most powerful of those warlords, Charles Taylor, was elected president. If Liberia is trying to escape its past, however, it's not getting far. "The country remains divided,'' said James Verdier Jr., director of the Justice and Peace Commission, Liberia's foremost rights group. "National reconciliation is a farce.'' Years after the war's end, members of Taylor's old militia dominate the government. The security forces, a thuggish collection of ex-fighters, harass ordinary civilians for money and frighten government critics into silence.

Diplomats say Taylor and his inner circle have grown rich while the country remains mired in 80% unemployment and widespread poverty. Few Liberians have seen a working electrical outlet or water faucet for 11 years. For more than a year, the country has faced a rebellion along its border with Guinea. Paranoia runs high; officials warn of infiltrators and Taylor doesn't move without an army of soldiers around him. A billboard, not far from Taylor's mansion, urges "Total Reconciliation by 2024.'' Twenty-three years sounds likely to Verdier, who wonders if watching the movie could help Liberia. "Let people see what happened,'' he said. "They don't want to admit the atrocities they committed.''
Ask quietly in the right places and the tape can still be bought. But these days, it's seldom Liberians doing the purchasing. "Most of them are foreigners - Lebanese, Americans. One guy came from Europe,'' said a video store clerk who occasionally sells the tape and asked his name not be used. "They just want to see how he acts before he dies.'' That raises the obvious question. Why would anyone want to watch it? Why would a nation bathed in violence - yet still famed for its friendliness - revel in such a film? It doesn't take war to breed such a hit. In 1980s America, a once-obscure video, "Faces of Death,'' became a brief sensation among teen- agers, and suburban TVs filled with images of human autopsies, suicides and slaughterhouses. Americans worried over its popularity, its meaning. Few found acceptable answers.
Likewise, Liberians can't explain the hold the Doe movie had on their nation. "Liberians are very good people. They're kind. They're intelligent,'' said Hane. "How can people who are so friendly be so bloody? I don't know.''

NGO Africa Fund:
2/25/00 U.S. Religious Leaders Call for end to Trade Benefits Until Slavery Has Ended Khaddafi in the 1960s alt.culture.morocco
    Nigeria
NGO Africa Fund:
8.21.00 US Policy Toward Nigeria: An Agenda for Justice
last ones out the door: sons of Nigeria's late military dictator Sani Abacha
State Dept vs Randall Robinson & State of Maryland   4.6.98 The Nation
"Guerrilla Journalism in Nigeria" Media Matters series
5.18.98   Sunday Dare The Nation n/avail@Nation site
"Divide and Confuse" Selling Nigeria to American Blacks
5.20.96   Ron Nixon The Nation n/avail@Nation site
"The National Newspaper Publishers Assoc. trade organization of black newspapers is promoting Nigeria; understandable, perhaps, given Africa's chronic under-representation in the U.S. press. But behind NNPA.'s slick "advertorial" & media campaign is brutal & repressive Nigerian govt aided by army of U.S. public relations firms, lobbyists, front groups"
Index on Censorship 		Space plan aimed at satellites, mining 8.1.01   Reuters

LAGOS   President Olusegun Obasanjo has said Nigeria's new space agency, dismissed by critics as a joke, does not aim to land a Nigerian on the moon but to develop its own satellite technology and identify areas for mining. Nigeria plans to use advances in remote sensing, weather forecasting and satellite communications "for the exploration and exploitation of our mineral resources, and the development of information & communication technologies," the semi-official Daily Times quoted Obasanjo as saying.
He made his remarks at the inauguration of Nigeria's Honorary Presidential Advisory Council on Science & Technology on Tuesday, a day after the space program was criticized by the Financial Times of London. An FT editorial faulted Nigeria for earmarking nearly $100 million for the space program after missing most economic reform targets set by the IMF.

NEW YORK   A Congo Republic rain forest rich in rare animals and trees, described by scientists as the most pristine rain forest left in Africa, will be protected from logging under a deal announced on Friday. Under a deal with the Congo govt, timber company Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB) said it agreed to give up its harvesting rights to the 100-square-mile Goualogo Triangle forest in the country's remote north. The area is densely populated by chimpanzees, forest elephants, red colobus monkeys, gorillas and other large mammals, and it contains vast tracts of mahogany trees and other valuable hardwoods. "The Goualogo Triangle is a very special place. Timber industry companies, mine included, are not in the habit of walking away from timber-rich forests," CIB President Hinrich Stoll said at a news conference at the Bronx Zoo's Congo gorilla forest exhibit.
The Congo govt will protect the area by adding it to an existing national park. Participants in the deal said this was the first time an African timber company had voluntarily given up its harvesting rights in the name of conservation. CIB decided to withdraw after studies showed the area, which runs between the Ndoki and Goualogo rivers, was virtually untouched by humans, Stoll said. The deal was announced in New York because it was backed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which is based there. Calling the forest Africa's "last Eden," the group said scientists believe it is the most pristine rain forest left in Africa and a wildlife area of global significance.

Surveys conducted by the WCS and CIB showed some of the triangle's wildlife, particularly the chimpanzees, showed little evidence of previous human encounters, which led scientists to believe the area never experienced human intrusion. Surrounded by swamp forests and two rivers, the area's geographic isolation has kept humans out. Chimpanzees in the triangle showed curiosity rather than fear toward researchers and did not flee when approached, unlike chimpanzees familiar with humans, particularly hunters, said Paul Elkan, WCS conservationist. "The most important aspect is that there was no sign of human activity. You feel like you're violating the place, you just don't belong," Elkan said. The privately held CIB leased the land from the Congolese government, which depends heavily on forest resources for economic development.
But Henri Djombo, the nation's minister of forestry economy, said an investment in conservation was not necessarily a loss. "In fact, it is an investment in the future which can include eco-tourism, scientific work and possibilities of game hunting. A sacrifice today is a clear investment in the future," said Djombo. Stoll said logging in the triangle could potentially have been worth $40 million to CIB. Although the company is not getting anything in exchange for giving up its harvesting rights, he said there was plenty of other land in the African nation available for logging.

9/22/00 "Uganda's Museveni in Rwanda" Who won 10/28 soccer match?
"Had the U.N. Security Council showed the necessary determination, it would have intervened in Rwanda in 1994 as the atrocious genocidal killings there started and as the UN Force Commander, Romeo Dallaire, urged it to do. If that had happened, then much of the tragedy which unfurled in Rwanda and Zaire might have been lessened or avoided. "
"DRCongo - has the UN Security Council Fallen Asleep ? " UNAssoc. of U.K.

Carlsson Report Rwanda 12/15/99 ISSA "eyewitness" testimony 4/21/00 re Pres. Kagame's regicide, trigger of genocide
Rwanda's Kagame & Tutsi in Congo
12/16/98 French parliamentary mission final report on Rwanda, set up in March 1998 & headed by socialist legislator Paul Quiles.

Keith Richburg, author Out Of America
"There was this mass denial. After the French troops came in and kind of calmed the situation about three months after it erupted. I was able to go into other parts of Rwanda. There was one area where there was a church service going on. The congregation members, all Hutu because the Tutsi had all been killed in that town, were still going to the same church, they hadn't been evacuated in the southwest zone. The bodies had been buried in mass graves right beside or underneath the church. The stench would come up through the church, and you could smell death. You would ask people in the town, `What happened to all the Tutsi? This town used to be about half Tutsi, half Hutu. Where are the Tutsi?' Holding a handkerchief to their nose to keep away the stench of death, they would just say, `Oh, there were never any Tutsi in this town.'

I got all kinds of explanations from Hutu. A million Hutu walked out of the country, moved into refugee camps in Tanzania and Rwanda, so that gave us a great opportunity to try to find some of these killers and talk to them, figure out what went on. I got a lot of defensiveness. I was quite nervous because a lot of them were very jittery. They still had their machetes, even in the refugee camps. A lot of them still had the blood of their victims on their shirts. And they would say, well, it wasn't their fault. The Tutsi attacked first. They were defending themselves. Some of them said they were defending their president. The president was a Hutu, very popular, especially among these young militias. He formed these militias, that carried out these attacks with the backing of the Rwandan army. Some of these kids had the picture of the president emblazoned on their T-shirts, and they would say, `What we did was defending our president who was assassinated by the Tutsi."

African NewsWire re Senegal
2/3/99 testimony "U.S. Trade Relations with subSaharan Africa"   M. Mansour Seck, Senegal ambassador to U.S. at Trade subcomm House Ways&Means Leonenet
Sierra Leone: Diamonds and War The Heart of the Matter
Jan2000 study Partnership AfricaCanada on SL, Diamonds & Human Security stresses diamonds central to SL conflict in Sierra Leone; no peace sustainable til problems mining & selling diamonds addressed. Detailed set recommendations. Excerpts archive
Intl Injustice: The Tragedy of Sierra Leone Kenneth Roth WSJ Europe 8/2/2000
9/13/00 McKinney testimony, Subcomm. Trade in African Diamonds, House Ways & Means Committee
Index on Censorship
Keith Richburg, author Out Of America
"Aid workers and people who had been dealing with some of these crises saw this as the first example of how in the post-Cold War era, we could actually use this mighty military force we had for good in the world. And this was really in an intervention that had no ulterior motives. People say, `Well, it was because Somali; Somalia was strategically important or because they had oil interest.' No. This was a mission sent to go in and feed starving people, to me a real sign that maybe the world really was on the way to a new world order.
And then the thing turned dangerously wrong for a variety of reasons,

… If any warlord was being hemmed in, it was Aidid, and he struck out first. He attacked the Pakistani UN contingent that was there in a bloody horrific massacre. The UN responded by stepping into a guerrilla war in an attempt to arrest Aidid. The US was at the forefront of that attempt. The US put in Army Rangers to try to climb down ropes into bad neighborhoods in Mogadishu, looking for this one Somali warlord. And that ended in a nasty firefight that left 18 Army rangers dead in a single day and General Aidid basically still in charge in Mogadishu and American servicemen's bodies being dragged through the streets.
So into this great hopeful intervention that I remember covering from the beaches at Mogadishu ended into this nightmarish scene, Somalis celebrating over downed American helicopters, and President Clinton going on to give a national address on television announcing that the operation would be suspended and all the US troops would be brought back by March of the following year. "

    Major clash in Mogadishu
    Hussein Aidid opposed to transitional govt
    5.11.01   BBC
Heavy fighting has broken out in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, between forces of the transitional govt and fighters loyal to a warlord. A BBC correspondent in Mogadishu said at least nine people have been killed and 30 others injured. The clashes are the first major confrontation between the militia factions which control much of the capital and the transitional government set up by a number of Somali groups last year in an attempt to reunify the country. Both sides were using machine guns & mortars in the Mogadishu port area. It is not known what sparked the fighting. Hussein Mohamed Aidid, whose gunmen were involved in the fighting, is a key member of a council set up by several powerful warlords backed by Ethiopia seeking to replace the govt. They say they will form their own govt within 6 months, to rival the country's transitional administration.
 Mogadishu   Hussein Aidid carries the same gold-tipped walking stick that was the favourite prop of his late father, General Mohammed Farah Aidid, scourge of the UN & U.S. military when they intervened in Somalia in the early 1990s. But there is little else about the successor to the leadership of the Somali National Alliance (SNA) to remind anyone of the terror, anger or respect aroused by his father. The clean-shaven, round- faced, thoughtful young man in a business suit looks ill at ease among the rusting tanks & machinegun trucks that guard his HQ
Hussein was an American citizen 10 years ago, a student who became a US Marine and came back to his country in 1992, as part of the force that aimed to restore hope to a Somalia ravaged by famine and civil war. Now, to many Somalis, he is one of those standing in the way of a return to normality. Hussein objects to the term "warlord", but he is the most prominent among a handful of faction leaders who refuse to recognise the new interim Somali Govt set up by a conference in Djibouti last August. "The Somali people were never consulted," he says. "It was a project led by [Djibouti President] Gelle. It was not accepted. It was completely rejected." It is true that the "government" was not directly elected, and that it was sponsored, and is still largely supported, by Djibouti, but the reaction to it from ordinary Somalis is hard to measure. Hussein's justification for continuing to hold out is that the Somalis have not yet been granted the full democracy they struggled for against the old dictator, Siad Barre. In fact Hussein Aidid's headquarters in the capital, Mogadishu, is now in the crumbling white mansion, Villa Somalia, which was Siad Barre's last refuge before he was toppled from power in January 1991.

Hussein is offering alliances to the other parts of the old Somali republic that also do not want the new administration, self-declared states of Puntland in north and Somaliland in north-west. He rejects vigorously the charge that faction-leaders such as he have had their day. "We will go when the people tell us to go. Our roots are the will of the people," he says. "They did not elect me to head operations and be in a war; they elected me to successfully achieve the goals of reconciliation, to achieve a democratically-elected govt by the people." His faction has, he says, already substantially disarmed; the heavy armour on display at Villa Somalia and the AK47s carried by his bodyguards are part of the normal security for the presidential palace. They are there to defend against external threats, not fellow Somalis. It does not convince many people in Mogadishu nor the new govt, which has been trying to curb the SNA's power by buying-up the services of the young men who sit around menacingly on their "technicals". trucks with machine-guns mounted on the back.
Hussein Aidid is keen to stress he is not in this for confrontation. He wants dialogue; he claims credit for getting rid of the Green Line that used to divide Mogadishu when the factions were still regularly battering each other in the search for power. "But we will never be part of the new govt, because we are looking for a national constitutional govt. We must have a constitution which has the will of the people." There are certainly limits to the new govt's legitimacy and power at the moment as they themselves admit. But Hussein Aidid and the other main faction leaders are beginning to seem outdated. They are perceived as representing a period in Somalia's history that most of its people would rather now leave behind.

Fighting comes on the same day that another warlord in Mogadishu received a convoy of heavy-duty lorries transporting weapons & ammunition. The convoy, consisting of 12 big trucks, was escorted by about 10 battle wagons & more than 100 heavily-armed militiamen. It arrived at HQ of warlord Muse Sudi Yalahow who also strongly opposes the new transitional govt. The govt accuses Ethiopia of supplying the weapons in an attempt to destabilise Somalia and has called on the intl community to condemn Addis Ababa.
S.Africa & the U.S. Declassified History ed. Kenneth Mokoena preface Randall Robinson 7/99 In some cases, U.S. strategy is more convoluted and Machiavellian. In the Sudan, for example, it has long been evident that the U.S. wants to keep the rebels sufficiently viable to avoid defeat, but not strong enough to pose a serious threat of the government's overthrow. "Peace," an "official" is quoted as saying, does not necessarily suit American interests … unstable Sudan amounts to a stable Egypt."
NGO Africa Fund:
7/00 Talisman: Blood & Oil in the Sudan
7/00 Questions & Answers on Slavery in Sudan Entebbe, Uganda   … Libyan leader Moammar Kadhafi was first to arrive Friday at at Entebbe intl airport, 34km south of Ugandan capital where the swearing ceremony will be held. President Museveni received him. Presidents Daniel arap Moi of Kenya, Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania and Maj. Pierre Buyoya of Burundi will be among leaders to witness the event at Entebbe. Being awaited on Saturday are presidents Omar al Bashir of Sudan and Frederick Chiluba of Zambia. Uganda & Sudan severed diplomatic relations in 1995 amid mutual accusations of backing each other's respective armed rebel groups. Former Nigerian head of state Shehu Shagari will stand in for Pres. Olusegun Obasanjo who is currently in the US. Rwandan PM Makuza Bernard will represent Pres. Kagame. Mozambique is sending a minister while ambassadors will represent Ghana & Senegal.
Museveni begins his second and last five-year mandate at the helm of the East African nation on Saturday. He had ruled the country without organising elections for 10 years after seizing power in January 1986 following a gruelling civil war. In the 12 March presidential poll, Museveni collected 69.3% of the votes while his closest rival Col. Kiiza Besigye won 27.8%. However, Besigye, who was among five other candidates challenging Museveni in that poll, lodged a petition in April alleging widespread rigging. A 3 to 2 majority dismissed the petition in the Supreme Court. The judges said the voting irregularities did not affect the election results substantially. The former guerrilla leader, who introduced a no-party political system regarded by opposition leaders regard as a disguised single party regime, has promised to retire in 2006. Kampala, Uganda   Sudanese President Hassan al Bashir, whose country formerly had strained relations with Uganda, was among 5 African leaders who Saturday attended the inauguration of Ugandan President Museveni following mediation Friday between both countries by Col Moammar Kadhafi. Khartoum & Kampala decided to resume diplomatic ties immediately following the normalisation of relations, the Ugandan foreign ministry said in a statement late Friday. It said the relations would initially resume at the level of chargé d'affaires. Kadhafi Friday seized an opportunity at the extraordinary meeting of the national conference of Uganda to appeal for the normalisation of relations & communications Kampala & Khartoum. He stressed that the problems between Sudan & Uganda "are dead leaves blown away by the advent of the African Union", an entity that will erase borders among African States. Besides Kadhafi and Bashir, Presidents Pierre Buyoya of Burundi, Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania, Daniel arap Moi of Kenya attended the inaugural ceremony. Other attendants were S.African vice president Jacob Zuma, Zambia vp, Rwanda PM & former president of Nigeria, Shehu Shagari.

9/22/00 "Uganda's Museveni seeks to mend ties with Rwanda" Todd Pitman
KIGALI (Reuters) - Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni made a one-day visit to the Rwandan capital on Friday, his first since the two countries battled each other in the Congo in June. Rwanda and Uganda both sent troops to the DRCongo in August 1998 to support rebels in a war against Congolese President Laurent Kabila. Differences flared into direct clashes between Rwandan and Ugandan troops in the northern Congolese city of Kisangani several times over the last year, leaving hundreds of people dead. Diplomats say relations between the two countries have improved recently and Museveni's visit itself was symbolic of efforts by both sides to restore their alliance. Rwandan officials said earlier the visit was aimed at bridging gaps between the 2 countries and charting a clearer course for the Congo war.

Rwandan officials said earlier the visit was aimed at bridging gaps between the two countries and charting a clearer course for the Congo war. Both presidents emerged smiling and joking after meeting in a Kigali hotel and issued a joint statement reiterating their commitment to the Lusaka peace agreement on Congo signed last year."It's part of the process of overcoming the problems between us, especially the problems we had in Kisangani", Rwandan presidential adviser Theogene Rudasingwa told Reuters."We want to try to look ahead and see how we can continue and improve the alliance we had in the past." Rudasingwa said the visit was a follow-up to an earlier meeting between the two presidents in Uganda in July. Uganda's state-run New Vision newspaper reported last week that Museveni and Kagame would play in a football match together at their old school in Uganda on October 28.

Congo; Good To Be A Traitor
10.21.98   The Monitor preface   British govt documents recently declassified under 30yr rule support Dirty Work 2 "The CIA in Africa" Zed Press 1980 ed. Ellen Ray & Wm Schaap nee Peoples News Service 1979 Pat Hutton & Jonathan Bloch
Rise of Idi Amin was engineered by outside interests to stop Pres. Milton Obote's nationalisation drive in which the state took 60% interest in all foreign & Ugandan-Asian-owned businesses. Tripoli, Libya   Libyan leader Col. Moammar Kadhafi proposed the change of venue for forthcoming annual summit of the OAU to S.Africa instead of Zambian capital, Lusaka. Kadhafi made the proposal Wed. commending Zambian President Frederick Chiluba for his decision not to seek a third term in office. "The decision of President Chiluba not to run for a third term proves his sincerity to respect his commitments not only to his own people, but also to the people of Africa and the world at large", Kadhafi said in Tripoli. By that decision, Kadhafi said Chiluba would no longer be in a position to complete his term of office as chairman of the Organisation of African Unity that he was expected to assume at the 37th summit in July in Lusaka. Zambians are due to go to the polls in Oct. or Nov. to elect Chiluba's successor. …
    Ruling Party In Zambia Ousts Leaders
    5.3.01 Reuters
KABWE, Zambia   Zambia's ruling party expelled VP Christon Tembo & 8 other cabinet ministers today for opposing a campaign to extend President Frederick Chiluba's rule beyond a 10 year limit. Chiluba told a gathering of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy that Tembo and his colleagues had dishonored the party in advance of a general election later this year. "Our colleagues have conducted themselves in a manner that has brought the party into disrepute, contempt and disrespect. We have acted against that because we cannot condone indiscipline," Chiluba said in a speech closing the party congress. The expulsions come a day after a Lusaka court granted an injunction against any disciplinary action against Tembo &1 other party dissidents. A spokeswoman for the expelled ministers said the action was illegal because the issue was now before the courts.
"The president knows the action of congress is illegal under the law. We have a court order restraining the party. But we also know how desperate he is to cling to power," said Edith Nawakwi, who lost her job as labor minister. Declaring that the fight had just begun, Nawakwi said the dissidents had called for a rally Saturday in Lusaka to protest the president's plan. The ruling party decided Monday by 80% majority to amend the party's constitution to allow the nomination of the president for another 5 year term. Though he has not publicly declared his intention to run, Chiluba submitted a signed nomination form 20 minutes after the party vote results were announced. "I am not after power; I am responding to petitions from the Zambian people. You are dealing with a very sane person and a normal politician," Chiluba told reporters after his speech.
    Zambian president seeking 3rd term
    5.1.01 Reuters pA17
KABWE, Zambia   Zambia's ruling Movement for Multiparty Democracy voted today to amend its constitution to nominate Pres. Frederick Chiluba for third term. 20 minutes later, Chiluba submitted a signed nomination form confirming for the first time that he plans to seek reelection. The party constitution had echoed the Zambian constitution's two-term presidential limit, making it impossible for Chiluba, 58, to seek reelection in October after a decade in power. But party official Robert Simeza told a special conference called to consider the constitutional amendment that 80.5 percent of 1,082 delegates had voted to modify the term limit. Opponents of the amendment, who stayed away from the conference after pro-Chiluba youths attacked or threatened delegates, vowed to challenge the decision in court.
Chiluba swept to power in 1991, toppling Kenneth Kaunda, who had been Zambia's leader since independence in 1964. Chiluba was elected overwhelmingly, partly on the strength of his promise to consolidate democracy and honor the two-term limit. Political analysts have said that while the party vote ensures Chiluba's nomination, amending the national constitution to lift the two-term limit on the presidency could be much harder. At least 62 of the ruling party's representatives in parliament, including 11 cabinet members, have announced their opposition to Chiluba's plan to stay in power. If they do not relent, they will be able to block passage of a constitutional amendment in the 158-seat legislature.
AfricaNewswire re Zimbabwe     APsearch   soc.culture.zimbabwe   Zimbabwe Independent
UN   govt refs   State Dept   Commerce Dept 6/13/00 State Dept Crocker on Zimbabwe. Afri ca Subcomm hearing 9/20/00 Zimbabwe Democracy Act
5/9/00 Blood diamond hearing Africa Subcomm.
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    US said To Export Torture Weapons
    2.26.01   AP
Dozens of U.S. companies sell weapons and other equipment used overseas for torture, Amnesty Intl said Monday, calling for a ban on the sales. The items include high-tech electroshock weapons, leg irons and serrated thumb cuffs designed to tear flesh if a detainee tries to get free, said a report by the U.S. chapter of the London-based human rights group. "No U.S. company should profit from torture,'' said William F. Schulz, head of the chapter. "The global manufacture, marketing and export of the equipment for torture is a moneymaking business that turns a blind eye to the suffering it causes,'' said the report, "Stopping the Torture Trade.''
Although it is illegal to own some of the equipment in the United States, Amnesty Intl said the Commerce Dept has granted export licenses for sales valued at $97 million since 1997 under the category of "crime control equipment.'' It said some 80 American companies were involved in the manufacture, marketing and export of the items. An analysis of Commerce data shows Saudi Arabia, Russia, Taiwan, Israel & Egypt as the major recipients of the U.S. equipment, Amnesty said. The report said the group has documented that torturers in those countries use such technology.
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The equipt could also be used for legitimate law enforcement reasons, including to restrain or subdue detainees. But Amnesty spokesman Alistair Hodgett said the group still believes some of them, such as the flesh- tearing thumb cuffs and a belt that emits electric shocks, are "inherently cruel'' and their export thus should be banned outright. Other devices have not been tested for their medical effects, and their export should be suspended, he said. Amnesty released the study as the State Dept was issuing its annual report on human rights around the world. "It is unconscionable that while the U.S. State Dept promotes human rights, the U.S. Commerce Dept has approved export licenses to countries &

G7 Banks on U.S.-Led Rebound
7.7.01   Reuters

ROME   The Group of Seven richest nations on Saturday sought to calm worries over a slowing global economy and cool a transatlantic spat about who was most responsible for ensuring a recovery. U.S. Treasury Sec. Paul O'Neill said U.S., suffering its sharpest economic slowdown in a decade, is recovering and would return to higher growth rates soon. Italian Economy Minister Giulio Tremonti, host of the afternoon G7 meeting in Rome, said the U.S. economy was expected to grow by 3.0 percent in 2002, from just over 1.0 percent this year. Tremonti said the overall tone of the meeting was fairly positive in terms of the outlook for European growth.
O'Neill was also quick to deny any row with European delegates had developed. He said he had no disagreement with French Finance Minister Laurent Fabius, who issued an unusually blunt pre-meeting statement on Friday saying the United States was the main cause of global economic slowdown. …

The G7 also expressed support for International Monetary Fund initiatives in Argentina & Turkey and called for their full implementation, a document drawn up for G7 finance talks and obtained by Reuters showed on Saturday. Emerging markets around the world have been roiled in recent weeks.

Mainstream economists deny basic facts about poverty   8.2.01   Jeff Madrick NY Times

There has been little headway made in the fight against world poverty in the last decade. Yet when G8 leaders met in Genoa, Italy, two weeks ago, they chastised protesters with warnings that they would only obstruct progress for the poor. Considering the facts, that was quite a display of arrogance. The World Bank calculates that a third to a fourth of the world's people still live in severe poverty, and this is based on minimal rates of $1 to $2 a day. The overall proportion has fallen only slightly the last 10 years, and poverty levels have risen in many countries. Moreover, in poor regions, except Asia, income inequality has widened.

The insensitivity to the stunning facts is not limited to Western leaders. Mainstream economists have been notable for their silence. At the John F. Kennedy School of Govt at Harvard, a weekend seminar was held in June on the Clinton administration's economic policies. Yet hardly a word of criticism was raised about the Treasury's heavy- handed advocacy of the rapid liberalization of capital flows, which many mainstream economists now concede contributed to the Asian financial crisis in 1997 & 1998, sending many into poverty. Today, Argentina & New Zealand, once models for the liberalizing policies so widely encouraged by economists and global investors, are in serious trouble. Argentina, which linked its currency to the dollar in 1991, amid plaudits from disciplinarians, totters on the brink of a financial crisis that could sweep up Brazil as well. New Zealand's growth rates are among the worst in the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development. Yet there is little public outcry about mistaken policies.

In June, a small dissenting group of international economists & political scientists met to discuss this absence of a full public discourse. The conference was organized by two Harvard professors, Dani Rodrik, an economist at the Kennedy School, and Roberto Unger, a law professor. In the spring, the two had taught a standing-room-only course at Harvard Law School on alternative development strategies. The participants essentially found themselves up against a wall. Nations have little leeway to adopt policies that deviate from those accepted by institutions like the Intl Monetary Fund or those demanded by the financial markets. If they do, capital flees, interest rates rise and loans are not renewed.
But the truly regrettable paradox is that the strategies advocated by the economic & financial mainstream — reduced govt spending, privatization, unrestricted capital flows and completely free trade — are not the policies that gave rise to the rapid growth of developing nations in the recent past. Had South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand or Brazil been restricted to the policies considered acceptable today, they would not have been such success stories.

As Mr. Rodrik points out, Taiwan & South Korea adopted aggressive industrial policies to subsidize crucial industries. Many of the fastest-growing nations owned & ran major industries and protected infant industries with high tariffs. Govt investment in education was often strong in these nations. Most slowly depreciated their currencies, rather than adopt the floating currencies advocated today (or the fixed-currency regime used by Argentina). In sum, these nations integrated their economies with the advanced world — not right away, but only when they had matured & grown more prosperous.
Moreover, not only are successful policies often abandoned, but as the current plight of Argentina & New Zealand suggests, liberalizing policies often fail, too. Robert Wade, a political scientist at the London School of Economics, argues that few nations that were largely dependent on commodity exports, like New Zealand, have been able to transform themselves into successful producers of advanced goods based on such policies.

For Mr. Wade, such a transformation still requires an industrial policy. At times, to take one example, it may require an import- substitution policy of high tariffs to protect developing domestic industries. But such policies were widely criticized as the main source of failure in Latin America in the 1980's. Mr. Wade counters that it was the indebtedness of many Latin American nations that created crises & poor growth in the 1980's, not import substitution, and that the establishment has essentially twisted the argument in its favor. Neither Mr. Wade nor Mr. Rodrik, whose most recent book is "The New Global Economy & Developing Countries: Making Openness Work" (Overseas Development Council, 1999), says he thinks there is one policy to fit all sizes. Import substitution may be appropriate to some, but not others. Both argue strongly that local conditions should be allowed to determine the right course, not international institutions with universal formulas.
To Mr. Unger, however, the author of "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative" (Verso Books, 1998), only more sweeping change has a chance to work. Mr. Unger proposes not so much a blueprint but a profoundly new direction that includes high levels of govt investment & taxes, required voting and forced savings to buffer states from the influence of intl investors. Mr. Unger says his ideas have certainly not caught on among the establishment, but he is attracting a lot of interest from the younger generation. Given the levels of poverty, this is no surprise.

Yet the protesters in Genoa & elsewhere also naïvely denigrate the value of economic growth. Mr. Wade, for example, points out that there is no evidence that local participation in devising economic strategies, so widely advocated by protesting groups, will provide an answer to alleviating poverty unless it is accompanied by other pro- growth strategies. What is surely the case, however, is that if nations remain under the thumb of single- minded intl investors & their institutional surrogates, there will be little room for new ideas. Mr. Rodrik says the financial turmoil in Turkey, for example, has been made worse by the immediate demands by institutions for liberalization. Mr. Wade says serious industrial policy is hard to undertake in current circumstances. To mitigate the power of the financial markets requires leadership from the powerful themselves. But such leadership is absent not only in Washington & most other Western capitals but also in America's major academic centers.

Dick Cheney Beijing   A $4.05 billion contract signed this weekend between oil giants Shell Chemicals & China National Offshore Oil Corporation marks the biggest ever joint venture in China, state media said on Sunday. The complex, which will in the first phase produce ethylene and petrochemical products, also appears headed for govt approval, judging by the presence of top leaders at the signing ceremony & splashy coverage in state newspapers. The People's Daily ran a front page story on the signing, noting in the headline the attendance of Li Peng, the chairman of China's parliament. Xinhua news agency called it China's largest Sino-foreign joint venture. The first phase of construction on the plant in the southern city of Huizhou, Guangdong province, will allow the complex to produce 800,000 tonnes of ethylene and 2.3 million tonnes of petrochem products annually beginning in 2005, Xinhua said.
Shell Chemicals, unit of Royal Dutch/Shell Group will hold 50% stake in the joint venture, Xinhua said. China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and the Guangdong Investment & Development Co., both state- owned, will own the other half of the venture, called CNOOC & Shell Petrochemicals Company Ltd. It was unclear whether the investment burden would be shared equally by the two sides. $4.05 billion covers only the first phase of the project, with major construction slated to begin in 2003. Subsequent phase "will involve a huge sum of investment in oil refineries", Xinhua said, without giving details.

The signing marked the culmination of 12 years of negotiations; the project was first put forward in 1988. A framework agreement was reached in the Netherlands in 1997, and the details of the official agreement signed on Saturday were hammered out in August this year, Xinhua said. Zhai Hongxing, who heads the Chinese side of the project, said detailed studies had been conducted on every aspect of the project in order to avoid costly mistakes. "We would rather proceed a little slower and make sure every step is taken correctly," Xinhua quoted Zhai as saying. Shell, which has more than 20 petroleum & petrochemical projects in China, will incorporate several patented technologies in the project to allow production of lower-end chemical products that China is currently incapable of making, Xinhua said. The project is one of several mega-investments by foreign corporations in China this year, including an announced $1.9 billion chip making complex by Motorola Inc ,MOT.N.. China has utilised $330 billion in direct foreign investment since it began market opening reforms in the late 1970s, Xinhua said.

    Statoil Makes Stock Exchange Debut
    6.18.01   AP
OSLO   The Norwegian state oil company Statoil ASA made its debut on the stock exchange on Monday with h